What Makes A Poem Intriguing Writers - 974 Words

Andrew Hartzler Mrs. Andrea Gillespie English III 28 October 2015 What makes a poem intriguing? Writers have always developed new ways to make their own works of art more enticing to the reader, or audience member. One method is figurative language. Figurative language allows the writer to express his or her meaning in a deeper way. It allows the writer to effectively get their point across by giving the reader a mental picture or visual. One writer who conveys figurative language all throughout his plays is William Shakespeare. Although Shakespeare has hundred of playwrights, one in particular is Macbeth. Throughout Macbeth there are hundreds of different uses of figurative language, used to convey different themes. One theme in particular is natural vs. unnatural. The play Macbeth shows continuous examples of the theme natural vs. unnatural, which depicts the disruptions to the natural world. Throughout the entire play there are examples of unnatural occurrences and themes, one encounter occurs at the start of the play during an i ntense thunderstorm. The three witches are in the beginning stages of creating their plot against Macbeth, the witches are deciding when to meet again to device a scheme against Macbeth. The witches say, â€Å"When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightning, or in rain? When the hurlyburly s done, When the battle s lost and won.† (1.1.1-4). In this quote imagery is being used, the word â€Å"hurlyburly† means a large commotion and can be referringShow MoreRelatedAs my freshman year of college comes to a close, I reflect on my two English courses this year. I600 Words   |  3 Pagestaking what we learned from a reading and analysing and interpreting of stories and poems we read. Looking back at my high school English days, I believe I had made major improvements in my writing abilities between these two semesters. Personally, I favorited my English 101 class. The main component of this course was to branch out and further our writing abilities. We did this by doing many different types of papers. Theses papers ranged from short essays to long research papers. What I enjoyedRead MoreEssay about Emily Dickensons Poems1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthis poem is so effortless, besides the illusion of death that it presents it is so scary. The appearance of a simple and trivial fly at the peak of life only frightens and disconnects us. As we approach the end of the poem, the fly has obtained an awful meaning. Without doubt, the fly becomes the most central image. The fly makes a genuine appearance in four stanzas of the poem and that is what the speaker experiences in dying. †I felt a funeral in my brain†(I felt a funeral, 1), this poem alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of I My Dear And Loving Husband, And Christopher Marlowe s The Passionate Shepherd Of His Love1137 Words   |  5 PagesBradstreet ’s poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† and Christopher Marlowe’s â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† are no exception. These two poems share a common theme of love that uses strong imagery, figurative language, and rhyme to portray the strong love and desire the writer’s poses for their lovers. Love is a feeling that every living thing wants to feel and experience, many have found love like in the poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† others are left chasing it like in the poem â€Å"The PassionateRead MoreThe Poetry Of Pablo Neruda1061 Words   |  5 Pagesthe age of ten. Gabriela Mistral, who would later become a Nobel Prize winner, recognized Neruda’s talents by giving him books and encouragement he did not have at home. In his early teen years, he began to publish his writings under the name of what we know as â€Å"Pablo Neruda† in memory of the Czechoslovak poet, Jan Neruda, but also to avoid his fath er’s disapproval of Neruda’s interests in literature. This essay will analyze Neruda’s life and how it may have influenced his style, tone and otherRead MoreThe Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing written for basically everyone to understand. These poets and writers also usually had a deeper meaning within their simple poems and this was to make people think about what was being said. Although they are not the first to do something like this the romantic poets are most known for this idea of seeing the double meaning so to speak. Each poem when it’s meaning is revealed usually has a deep and important meaning. Some writers reveal their most inner thoughts within their poetry. For exampleRead MoreLord Byron And William Shakespeare843 Words   |  4 PagesAn intriguing form to present an individual’s ideal thoughts across is the form of poetry, for it displays a deep and mysterious meaning behind the connotation of the words used. Poetry allows a writer to express themselves through the act of writing with the usage of a few words. However, it is sometimes difficult for a reader to comprehend what the poem is trying to imply, but that is the beauty behind poetry, which is a reader may have a different interpretation from another. In the poems, â€Å"SheRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Analysis and Opinion Edgar Allen Poe, born January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts, is famously known for his tales and poems of horror and mystery that evoked the interest of readers worldwide, and still do to this day. Some background about Poe is that his father, David Poe Jr., left his family early in Poe’s life, and his mother, Elizabeth Arnold Poe, died when Poe was just three years old due to tuberculosis. He had to be separated from his sister, Rosalie, and his brotherRead MoreContributions Of Sylvia Plath1302 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the decades many great poets and writers have influenced and impacted the literature that we read today. Henrik Ibsen’s pivotal work regarding social and moral issues of his day and Sigmund Freud’s writing pertaining to peoples’ mental health are just a few of examples of profound writers who contributed to the growth and development of literature. Sylvia Plath was also a profound writer and one of the most respected poets and p rose writer of her time as well. She was once described asRead More Tennysons Merlin and Vivien Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pageswhile simultaneously paralleling Tennysons own internal struggles. A most intriguing chapter of The Idylls, Merlin and Vivien portrays the manipulative Vivien, identified as pure evil and hatred, as her corruptive beauty leads to Merlins self-destruction. The Victorian era, from the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837 until her death in 1901, was an era of several unsettling social developments that forced writers more than ever before to take positions on the immediate issues animatingRead MoreLord Byron And William Shakespeare966 Words   |  4 Pagesfound a variety of ways to illustrate their affections for one another. An intriguing form to present an individual’s ideal thoughts across is the form of poetry, for it displays a deep and mysterious meaning behind the connotation of the words used. Poetry allows writers to express themselves through the act of writing with the usage of a few words. However, it is sometimes difficult for a reader to comprehend what the poem is trying to imply, but that is the beauty behind poetry which as a reader

Essay On Racism In America - 1326 Words

Racism in America Since President Barack Obama In 2009 the first African America president was elected. Barack Obama, an American politician who served as our United States president from 2009 until 2017. During his time there has been a controversial discussion about how racism has begun its last mile. Many question, if racism now is worse now than it was in the 1960’s and has America entered a post-racial era? If so where does America stand on the race issue and what challenges have occurred in this time. Through some research that I have done many believe that racism had not gotten worst it is only expressed more. Although, racism is being expressed more it is actually not because we had a black president. By Barack Obama becoming†¦show more content†¦According to an Article written by Eduardo he briefly explains that many racists say, â€Å"they are not racist but† that â€Å"but† is implying that they agree with some of the discrimination and racist things that happen in America today. A true non-racist would not even consider any idea of a person not getting equality because of the color of their skin. Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin or his background or his religion. People learn to hate and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love for love comes more naturally to human heart than its opposite.† With this being said, many people can understand the challenges with race and racism. There is not any scientifically shown studies that race actually even exist. A Race and Ethnicity Professor by the name of Mr. Wright had explained to the class that, there is no distinguishing gene that differentiates a white person, from a black person to a native american etc. Race is something that society has put here just to make the Dominate group (White people) seem superior over to the minority group (everyone else) in America. There are specific chall enges such as; police brutality, poverty neighborhoods, the incarceration rate of minorities and the selling of young black people body parts. These challenges have hindered minorities by racism that goes on. The color of the skin that someone is born with determines how their life will turn outShow MoreRelatedRacism In America Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesParliament attempted to impose order with various laws. A more unified American character and identity began to emerge in the colonies. The Enlightenments political thought influenced Americans and its followers scientific inquiries created a sense of America as a place profoundly different from Europe. Colonists did not begin to grow apart from Britain until they participated in Englands North American wars with the French and SpanishÂâ€"especially the French and Indian War. The colonists suffered heavyRead MoreRacism In America Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesI n the 1960’s racism was alive and well continuously gaining traction in both Australia and America, people of colour had to fight for their rights and equal education. Lucky times have changed†¦ right? Before the American Civil War, according to the 1860 census, there was a staggering 3,950,528 slaves in the US. However, thanks to the Union of States, the Civil War was won. This allowed the government to pass various acts of legislation allowing African-American people the right to work and quiteRead MoreEssay on Racism In America1586 Words   |  7 PagesRacism In America Racism (n): the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other race (Wordnet search, 1), a controversial topic in today’s society, a subject that many people try to sweep under the rug, but yet a detrimental problem that has been present in America since the colonial era. Will this dilemma come to a halt? Can all Americans see each other as equals despite their skin color and nationality; and what role has it played in past generations versusRead MoreRacism in America Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthough America prides itself on being this melting pot racism is still alive and well today. America is supposed to be the land of opportunity, the country that calls to so many; calling to them with the promise of freedom and prosperity, to live their lives as they see fit. As stated in the National Anthem, America is the land of the free and the home of the brave. America is the country where dreams can come true. So if America has emerged as a single people and nation, why does racism stillRead MoreRacism in America Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagestimes more likely to wind up in prison than white youths arrested for the same crime under the same circumstances. Many people are unaware how constant racism has been throughout the years. It is important to understand the problems of racism because it is relevant to society. Racism in America is very real and Americans need to know it. Racism is a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the ideaRead MoreRacism In America Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pages1. What factors supported racism in the United States in the time of Jackie Robinson’s birth? a. During the time of Jackie Robinson’s birth the United States was seeing lots of racial tension. The racial tension during this time had many different factors that seemed to lead up to it. Much of it began during World War I when many African American people moved from the southern states to the northern states to compete for jobs. With many of the white men being away at war, it left many job opportunitiesRead More Covert Racism in America Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesCovert Racism in America Racism is still a very current issue in America today. By no means is racism as overt as it was fifty years ago with enforced segregation, but today racism is more covert and often hides behind closed doors to only strike out when least expected. Racism has been deceasing and will continue to be decreased only through education. Hopefully, one day racism will cease to exist. But, that day if possible is many years away. Racism still exists in America today. This isRead MoreRacism in America Essay3742 Words   |  15 PagesRunning head: RACISM 1 Racism in Our Society Liberty University Online HSER 509 Multicultural Issues in Human Services Dr. Lawrence Katz Betty J. Saby December 16, 2012 Racism in our society Racism in our society has a long deeply rooted history. It has been in every part of our society and appears not to be getting any better. In order to fully understand racism one must look at the root cause of racism and the effects it has on an individualRead MoreEssay On Racism In America1904 Words   |  8 PagesRacism is one issue that is most current and at the same time most ancient issue that American has been experiencing. There were many attempt to abolish racism; however, action of treating and judging one for his or her’s skin color never did got abolished but occurred in different forms. This issue was ‘assumed’ as resolved in the modern days; however, it was only neglected from being spoken by the people. Famous black comedian, Jordan Peele, produced his newest and first movie Get Out to inflameRead MoreRacism in America Essay2479 Words   |  10 Pagesof interracial young persons maturing in present-day America. Society seems concerned with the is sue of where the embodiments of multi-races belong as well. Where in the pecking order of society are products of miscegenation placed? For an adolescent already searching for an established sense of self, this impression of being an outsider nationally due to an interracial background significantly affects the coming of age quest. Life in America is built upon a foundation of connections; an intricate

NEBOSH practical FAQ free essay sample

Practical FAQ’s 1. When is the practical undertaken? The practical is undertaken on a day you select during the set practical period – this runs 2 weeks before your written exam date. 2. Where is the practical undertaken? The practical is undertaken in your own work place or a workplace of your finding such as a family or friends’ workplace. 3. When will I receive my practical documents? The practical documents will be emailed to you by your designated practical marker 3 weeks before the written exam date. 4. Do I require someone to supervise me for the practical? No, this is done solely on your own without the requirement for supervision. 5. When is the practical submitted? The practical will have a deadline date which will be no later than the Friday of exam week. 6. How do I submit my practical? The email from the practical marker will tell you how you need to submit as this will depend on where you are sitting your exams. 7. What documents will I receive? You will receive the following documents: Guidance document including marking scheme Report template in both PDF and Word format. 8. Does the practical have to be hand written? No, the practical can be typed or hand written. Typed is usually easier for the markers to read and mark. 9. What does the practical consist of? The practical consists of an inspection and a report writing section. For the inspection, you take the observation sheets from the guidance document and print around 8/9 and complete these whilst undertaking your inspection. You are highlighting the hazards you find with the consequences and then suggesting control measures (both long and short term) and timeframes. The report is completed either on the template forms provided or by following the same format and headers. DS TS20 June 2013 It will consist of: Introduction Executive summary Main findings Conclusions. Recommendations. 10. How long does the practical take? The practical takes no longer than 2 hours. It is usually 60 minutes for the inspection and 60 minutes for the report writing. However, if you wish to type up your observation sheets, this time will need to come out of your practical time – it is not additional. You could have 45 minutes for your inspection and then a 15 minute type-up. 11. Can I send a draft of my practical in for feedback? Unfortunately NEBOSH do not permit drafts to be submitted to tutors for feedback. We can offer general guidance if there is a part you are having issues understanding from the guidance documents. 12. When can we have the marks for the practical as SHEilds mark them in house? The marks for your practical will be informed to you by NEBOSH on the official results release date (as stated on your exam entry confirmation) and cannot be informed to you any earlier. 13. What if my company is concerned about confidentiality? If your company is concerned with you doing the practical at their premises then they can be informed that SHEilds and NEBOSH operate under a confidentiality agreement and the practical is purely for educational purposes and does not go any further than SHEilds for marking and to NEBOSH, should the practical be called in for external verification on our marking. The company does not need to be noted in the report – it can simply be referred to as company XYZ if required. 14. Does anyone at my site need to sign anything for my practical? No one at your chosen site needs to do anything regarding your practical except grant permission. We do not require them to accompany you (unless it is their pre-requisite) nor do they need to sign off anything. 15. What is the declaration? The declaration is found in your guidance document and you sign this to confirm that everything is your own work. It must be submitted with your practical as its absence can result in your practical being voided. You sign the first part and submit this with your practical. SHEilds then signs the second section once your practical is received and then DS TS20 June 2013 again once it is marked. We will check all submitted practicals for signed declarations and contact any student who has not submitted one. We will use the email address on their profile but if the declaration is not emailed across to us by the deadline we state in the email, then your practical will be voided. 16. What is the pass mark for the practical? Students require a minimum pass mark of 60 marks. 17. What happens if I am unable to submit by the deadline stated for submission? If you are unable to meet the required deadline then you will be marked as absent on your results list as late entries will not be accepted. You will then need to re-register for your practical at the next available exam period and will need to pay the practical exam fee again. 18. Are late entries accepted? No, if you cannot meet the stated deadline, you will be marked as absent. 19. Are there any samples of the practical that I can see before I submit? There are no samples available. NEBOSH no longer produce them due to plagiarism cases. However the documents that you are emailed contain all the information that you need in order to undertake your practical. 20. Who should I contact if I have questions on my practical? If you have any questions on your practical please contact your designated practical marker (this is the person who sent you your practical documents). 21. What happens if I have been unsuccessful in my practical? If you have been unsuccessful in your practical then you can contact your designated practical marker and they can provide you with their feedback on your practical so you can see where you went wrong. We would require your full name, where you sat your exams and your student number to undertake this. Please note that practical’s are kept for 12 weeks before they are destroyed as confidential waste so we are only able to provide feedback on practical’s from the last set of exams. 22. What if I disagree with the mark awarded? If you disagree with your practical mark you can contact your designated practical marker for feedback on why you were unsuccessful. If after receiving this you still disagree then you can apply for an EAR (Enquiry About Results) with NEBOSH where the practical will be called in and remarked by NEBOSH. This can be undertaken by contacting the exams department using the exams email address from your course contact lists online. They will be able to send you the forms required which you can complete and send to NEBOSH along with payment for the process which is currently ? 50. 00. NEBOSH will then remark your practical and within 40 working days, you will have a feedback form sent to you for future reference. The EAR must be requested and all forms sent to NEBOSH within a month of the official DS TS20 June 2013 results release date. After this month period has passed, you will be unable to submit an EAR. 23. I cannot locate the practical forms on my online course? The forms are not online, they are only sent out to registered exam students 3 weeks before their exam date to ensure only those registered can submit and to ensure everyone is sent the newest versions of all forms. 24. I received my results slip and it shows absent for the practical – what does this mean? This means a practical for you was not submitted or was submitted after the deadline and voided or the practical did not include the signed declaration and after contact is was not submitted so your practical was voided. 25. I received my results slip and it states referred, what does this mean? Referred means that you did not gain enough marks to pass this exam but can re-sit at the next available examination period. 26. I received my results slip but there is no grade or information about my practical, what does this mean? This could mean that upon marking your practical, the marker noted similarities with another student’s so your practical has gone to NEBOSH to be looked into for malpractice. NOTE: Any students found plagiarising other people’s work will have their practicals sent to NEBOSH as part of malpractice investigation. NEBOSH will review the practical and if malpractice is confirmed, the marks will be voided. The student will then be unable to sit this examination again for 6 months to deter such practices. If the 6 month restriction surpasses your enrolment period then you will be required to pay an extension fee for the course as well as exam fees before you will be able to sit.

The Necklace Review

'The Necklace' Review Guy de Maupassant  manages to bring a flavor to his stories that are unforgettable. He  writes about ordinary people, but he paints their lives in colors that are rich with  adultery, marriage, prostitution, murder, and war. During his lifetime, he created nearly 300 stories, along with the other 200 newspaper articles, 6 novels, and 3 travel books that he wrote. Whether you love his work, or you hate it, Maupassants work seems to illicit a strong response. Overview The Necklace (or La Parure), one of his most famous works, centers around Mme. Mathilde Loisel - a woman seemingly fated to her status in life. She was one of those pretty and charming girls who are sometimes as if by a mistake of destiny, born in a family of clerks. Instead of accepting her position in life, she feels cheated. She is selfish and self-involved, tortured and angry that she cant purchase the jewels and clothing that she desires. Maupassant writes, She suffered ceaselessly, feeling herself born for all the delicacies and all the luxuries. The tale, in some ways, amounts to a moralistic fable, reminding us to avoid Mme. Loisels fatal mistakes. Even the length of the work reminds us of an Aesop Fable. As in many of these tales, our heroines​​ one really serious character flaw is pride (that all-destroying hubris). She wants to be someone and something that she is not. But for that fatal flaw, the story could have been a Cinderella story, where the poor heroine is in some way discovered, rescued and given her rightful place in society. Instead, Mathilde was prideful. Wishing to appear wealthy to the other women at the ball, she borrowed a diamond necklace from a wealthy friend, Mme. Forestier. She had a wonderful time at the ball: She was prettier than them all, elegant, gracious, smiling, and crazy with joy. Pride cometh before the fall... we quickly see her as she descends into poverty. Then, we see her ten years later: She had become the woman of impoverished households-strong and hard and rough. With frowzy hair, skirts askew, and red hands, she talked loud while washing the floor with great swishes of water. Even after going through so many hardships, in her heroic way, she cant help but imagine the What ifs... What Is the Ending Worth? The ending becomes all the more poignant when we discover that all of the sacrifices were for nothing, as Mme. Forestier takes our heroines hands and says, Oh, my poor Mathilde! Why, my necklace was paste. It was worth at most five hundred francs! In The Craft of Fiction, Percy Lubbock says that the story seems to tell itself. He says that the effect that Maupassant doesnt appear to be there in the story at all. He is behind us, out of sight, out of mind; the story occupies us, the moving scene, and nothing else (113). In The Necklace, we are carried along with the scenes. Its hard to believe we are at the end, when the final line is read and the world of that story comes crashing down around us. Can there be a more tragic way of living, than surviving all those years on a lie?

Summary of The importance of being Earnest Essay Example For Students

Summary of The importance of being Earnest Essay While Algernon Moncrieff and his manservant prepared for a visit froi-n his aunt, the formidable Lady Bracknell, their conversation turned to the question of marriage. Observing the servants somewhat lax views on the subject, Algernon declared, Really, if the lower orders dont set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them? This chat was interrupted by the unexpected arrival of Algernons friend, Ernest Worthing Worthing was pleased to hear that Lady Bracknell and her beautiful daughter Gwendolen would be appearing for tea. But Algernon warned, I am afraid Aunt Augusta wont quite approve of your bein here. Mildly insulted, Ernest demanded to know why. My dear fellow, Algernon answered, the way you flirt with Gwendolen is perfectly disgraceful. We will write a custom essay on Summary of The importance of being Earnest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is almost as bad as the way Gwendolen flirts with you. At this point Worthing announced that he intended to propose marriage to Gwendolen, but was taken aback by Algernons response: I dont give my consent. Worthing, would first have to explain a certain Cecily in his life. As evidence of this relationship, he produced a cigarette case left behind by Worthing on an earlier visit devotedly inscribed from Cecily to her loving Uncle Jack. Well, admitted Worthing, my name is Ernest in town and Jack in the country. It happened, he said, that Cecily was his ward, who lived in his country home under the watchful eyes of a stern governess, Miss Prism. But to escape the stuffy constraints of country living, Jack had invented an alter ego: . . . In order to get up to town I have always pretended to have a younger brother of the name of Ernest, who lives in Albany, and gets into the most dreadful scrapes. Thus, Jack was often called away to the city to rescue irrepressible Ernest. Smiling, Algernon now confessed that he too was a Bunburyist, a friend of the equally fictitious Bunbury, a permanent invalid, whom he visited whenever he chose to get away. When Lady Bracknell and Gwendolen arrived, Algernon took his aunt aside, leaving Ernest and Gwendolen alone. Miss Fairfax, Worthing stammered, ever since I met you I have admired you more than any girl I have ever met since I met you. Gwendolen admitted to returning these warm feelings, in part because my ideal has always been to love someone of the name of Ernest. Would she still love him, asked Jack, if his name were, say, Jack? There is very little music in the name Jack, observed Gweildolen. Before more could be said, Jack knelt and asked her to marry him. At that moment Lady Bracknell entered, and the couple announced their engagement. Highly displeased, Lady Bracknell requested a private conference with Mr. Worthing, in which she asked about his income, his politics, and, finally, his parentage. I dont actually know who I am by birth, lack explained; as a baby he had been found in a handbag in the coalroom of the train station. Lady Bracknell was shocked. Neither she nor her husband, she huffed, could allow Gwendolen to marry into a cloak-room, and form an alliance with a parcel. Now Jack considered his predicament. At least, he decided, he could deal with the complication of Ernest. His imaginary brother must soon dic of a severe chill. Deep in these new intrigues, he left. Meanwhile, Algernon, his curiosity piqued by jacks mysterious young ward, decided he must meet this Cecily. At the Manor in Hertfordshire, Miss Prism and Cecily were talking in the garden. Cecily expressed the hope that Jack would soon allow his reprobate brother Ernest to visit: We might have a good influence over him. .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a , .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .postImageUrl , .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a , .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:hover , .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:visited , .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:active { border:0!important; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:active , .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7afa5ab782fb6422803dd315b7ec8e0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination Essay Miss Prism discouraged this idea, but just a few moments after she had left for a stroll with her own admirer, Dr. Chasuble, the local minister, the butler announced the arrival of Mr. Ernest Worthing, and in walked Algernon Moncrieff, posing as Jacks deliciously wicked and non-existent brother. After some chit-chat and over a bite to eat, Ernest (Algy) implored his cousin to reform him. Soon Miss Prism and the Reverend returned, just in time to be greeted by Jack Worthing, .

Using the theory of fiscal federalism Essay Example

Using the theory of fiscal federalism Essay Example Using the theory of fiscal federalism Essay Using the theory of fiscal federalism Essay Essay Topic: Economics There is much economic literature and debate concerning the classic trade-off between a centralized versus decentralized system of local public good provision. The standard problem goes as follows. Most economies around the world are made up of geographically discrete areas. An obvious example is America, which is composed of distinct states, which are often even completely geographically isolated from the whole (Alaska, Hawaii). Each local area has a local public good, the provision of which benefits the local society. However, public goods often have a spillover effect to other districts, in which case, there are benefits accruing to wider society. The subsequent question is that given the existence of benefits to both local and general society, is it more efficient to have a centralized or decentralized system of decision-making and/or financing? The standard approach to the problem of public good provision assumes that in a centralized system, the government will adopt a standardized level of spending for each area. This is in essence a one size fits all result that doesnt show an appreciation of different local requirements. However, while a decentralized system will be able to respond to heterogeneous local needs, local governments will neglect the wider benefits, which accrue citizens and areas beyond their jurisdiction. Drawing on these assumptions, Oates Decentralization Theorem states that in the absence of spillovers a decentralized system is more efficient. Otherwise, Oates claims there will be a trade-off between the extent of heterogeneity in tastes and the degree of spillovers. 1 However, the argument for a decentralized system relies on the assumption that only a decentralized system will cater for local preferences. In fact, while decentralization may be more effective at tailoring public goods to local requirements, a centralized system in no way implies uniformity of provision across districts. This logic is neither theoretically, or indeed empirically satisfactory. From a theoretical standpoint it is unclear, Besley and Coates question why it must be the case that a government charged with providing public goods in a centralized system cannot differentiate the levels according to the heterogeneous tastes in each district. 3 An empirical example of centralized differentiation of public good provision is that of federal highway spending in the United States. In the Federal Highway Aid Program a significant proportion of resources have been dedicated to specific projects in the legislators districts. Furthermore, Besley and Coates argue that the general spending formula has been manipulated to target spending to particular favored states. 4 Therefore, I believe that Oates Decentralization Theorem is flawed. A decentralized system may well be preferred as a more efficient arrangement to tailor goods to local needs, but this is not a clear-cut argument, and hence it is difficult and controversial to argue for decentralization solely on this basis. In fact, given that the standard approach is based on a trade-off between non-uniformity (decentralized output) versus spillovers (centralized output), once the constraint that central governments always choose uniform levels of public spending across districts is relaxed, the standard approach suggests that a centralized system will always be preferred. However there is a different case for a decentralized system of provision of local goods, which is based on the theory of fiscal federalism. The argument in this case goes as follows. In a centralized system, local public spending costs are shared creating a conflict of interest between citizens in different areas. When spending decisions are taken by a legislature of locally elected representatives, the conflict of interest for resources will take place in the legislature. Thus, Besley and Coates argue, the drawbacks of centralization stem from the basic conflict of interest among citizens of different districts working through the decision-making process. 5 Spending decisions in the legislator will be determined by a minimum winning coalition of representative, which can creates two major resource allocation problems. Firstly, there will be a misallocation of resources as spending will be skewed towards those areas who have representatives in the winning coalition. Secondly, uncertainty about the makeup of the winning coalition will mean districts are unsure of the amount of public good it will receive. Even if the legislature is committed to maximising the surplus of all its members, this would not necessarily be sufficient to achieve surplus maximizing results, as there would be an incentive for voters to elect representatives which high demand for public spending, and hence lead to overprovision. Hence, Besley and Coates say that: if decisions on local public goods are made by a minimum winning coalition of representatives, the allocation of public goods may be characterized by uncertainty and misallocation across districts. If decisions are made in a more cooperative way, then strategic delegation via elections may produce excessive public spending. 6 The drawbacks of a centralized system stemming from conflicting interests over shared costs might suggest a completely decentralized system whereby decisions are made solely by local government and financed from local taxation. However, as with the standard approach, the drawbacks of the centralized system must be weighed against the benefits of improved coordination of spillovers. If interests are fairly homogenous and spillovers high then a centralized system will produce good results regardless of how the legislature is constituted. This leads Besley and Coates to conclude that, the desiderata determining whether decentralization of centralization is best are the same as under the standard approach. However, the logic is different. 7 So how does this argument relate to the empirical example of the European Union? Unions such as the EU are collectives of nations that jointly decide on the provision of certain supranational goods (such as traditional public goods like defence or legal and regulatory frameworks), which will affect and benefit all members. In a multi country union, some competences are taken away from national control and decided instead at union level. The process of European integration has become far-reaching and quickened in pace. However, Gordon Brown says that the EU must abandon old flawed assumptions that a single market should lead inexorably to fiscal federalism. 8 What is the case for keeping decentralized provision of local public goods or for greater integration in the form of a centralized system of public good provision? The case of centralized system of provision of local public goods rests fundamentally on the trade-off between the internalisation of externalities and the costs of heterogeneity. On the one hand, even when looking at the difficulties that accompany reaching compromises and solutions at EU summits, there is little debate that median preferences in EU member states vary considerably. The efficient level of output of a public good will typically vary from one local jurisdiction to another. Furthermore, there is a worry that coordination of fiscal measures will result in an increase in tax rates in all jurisdictions. However, if the union centralizes to little, it runs the risk of not benefit from externalities, which were a key motivation in the creation of a union and the purpose of attending summits. Two main areas of externality proposed in the fiscal federalism literature are firstly equalisation of welfare across countries, especially targeted at poor relief. And secondly at macroeconomic stabilization. In the case of poor relief, sub-central government will be considerably constrained by the potential mobility of the poor and crucially the tax base. Oates says that this is a basic fiscal externality that results in sub optional levels of support under a purely decentralized system of poor relief. 10 In terms of macroeconomic stabilization, the central government is in a position to influence overall levels of aggregate demand and through tax revenue and transfer payments can respond to changes in the macro-economy. However, the present picture is one where, according to Oates, the central government is not well equipped to take a leading role in addressing Musgravess redistribution and stabilization functions. 11 One response would be to enlarge central government powers, but Oates says that the costs of overall public expansion in the public sector would outweigh the benefits. Instead there is a strong case for decentralization to promote inter-jurisdictional competition to limit growth of public sector on encroaching on the private sector. At the moment, it seems to me that there is too much heterogeneity amongst the European nations, which outweighs externality gains. The integration of Europe has been relatively fast and I believe it will take a longer period for homogeneity of interests across the Union to come about, especially given the integration of the young market economies of Eastern Europe who are lagging behind in economic development. Furthermore, concerning Besley and Coates legislature worries, the EU seems to be dominated by the more powerful countries. For example, amongst the net beneficiaries of CAP (common agricultural policy) are some of the richest countries in the EU. A centralized system of provision of public goods in the EU might suffer from similar problems of a skewing of resources to favour the dominant coalition in the legislature. It seems to me, that the European Union is not yet ready for fiscal federalism.

Homeless brings atrocious effects to a country Research Paper

Homeless brings atrocious effects to a country - Research Paper Example Countless research findings point out that the experience of the homeless prevents the physical, psychological, social, and behavioral development of a person (Hovington-Neville 2012). When a large portion of a country’s population is residing without a permanent, house, several stressors can be especially detrimental to the country’s economic status and social well-being. The following paper discusses and analyzes the adverse effects of homelessness in the United States from an individual and holistic point of view. Homelessness brings atrocious effects to a country from a social, health, and economic point of view. Homelessness affects a country socially in terms of picking up the expense of basic needs and services. Among the basic needs are social isolation, premature pregnancies, and the mental wellbeing of children. Paying for these services is the role of the government, and the higher the cost is, the more the country’s budget and focus on infrastructure is affected negatively (Dennis 105). Since the homeless often undergo numerous kinds of social isolation, the solution out of this isolation is not direct. Social isolation is unacceptable in terms of human liberties, especially in a wealthy country like the United States. Unplanned pregnancies by the homeless mean an entire new generation will be born into the homeless population, thereby making the social impact of this problem less solvable. The damage occurs when the child lacks food, proper physical and emotional care, and standard education. Reason One-The harm caused the lack of food also brings about an extreme form of social isolation. Homelessness is a strong sign of social unfairness in any country (Smith 44). Most people become isolated when their economic incapacitation restricts or fully inhibits their opportunity to partake in the mainstream community. Isolation happens when the mainstream community